文天祥詩二首

過零丁洋

辛苦遭逢起一經，干戈寥落四周星。
山河破碎風飄絮，身世浮沉雨打萍。
惶恐灘頭說惶恐，零丁洋裡嘆零丁。
人生自古誰無死，留取丹心照汗青

正氣歌

天地有正氣，雜然賦流形。
下則為河嶽，上則為日星。
於人曰浩然，沛乎塞蒼冥。

Two Poems

by Wen Tianxiang

Crossing the Lingding Sea

【詩人簡介】文天祥（1236年6月6日－1283年1月9日），初名云孙，字宋瑞，又字履善。自号浮休道人、文山。江南西路吉州庐陵县（今江西省吉安市青原区富田镇 ）人，汉族江右民系 ，南宋末年政治家、文学家 ，民族英雄，与陆秀夫、张世杰并称为“宋末三杰”。

宋理宗宝祐四年（1256年），二十一岁的文天祥中进士第一，成为状元。一度掌理军器监兼权直学士院，因直言斥责宦官董宋臣，讥讽权相贾似道而遭到贬斥，数度沉浮，在三十七岁时自请致仕。

德祐元年（1275年），元军南下攻宋，文天祥散尽家财，招募士卒勤王，被任命为浙西、江东制置使兼知平江府。在援救常州时，因内部失和而退守余杭。随后升任右丞相兼枢密使，奉命与元军议和，因面斥元主帅伯颜被拘留，于押解北上途中逃归。

不久后在福州参与拥立益王赵昰为帝，又自赴南剑州聚兵抗元。景炎二年（1277年）再攻江西，终因势孤力单败退广东。祥兴元年（1278年）卫王赵昺继位后，拜少保，封信国公。后在五坡岭被俘，押至元大都，被囚三年，屡经威逼利诱，仍誓死不屈。元至元十九年十二月（1283年1月），文天祥从容就义，终年四十七岁。明代时追赐谥号“忠烈” 。

文天祥多有忠愤慷慨之文，其诗风至德祐年间后一变，气势豪放，允称诗史。他在《过零丁洋》中所作的“人生自古谁无死，留取丹心照汗青”，气势磅礴，情调高亢，激励了后世众多为理想而奋斗的仁人志士 。

Introduction to the poet:

Wen Tianxiang (June 6, 1236 – January 9, 1283), originally named Yunsun, courtesy name Songrui, later also styled Lüshan, and self-styled Fuxiu Daoren and Wenshan, was a native of Luling County, Jizhou, Jiangnan West Circuit (today Futan Town, Qingyuan District, Ji’an City, Jiangxi Province). He was of Han ethnicity, Jiangyou lineage, a statesman and man of letters in the late Southern Song, and a national hero. Together with Lu Xiufu and Zhang Shijie, he is honored as one of the “Three Great Pillars of the Song’s Last Days.”

In the 4th year of Baoyou under Emperor Lizong of Song (1256), at the age of twenty-one, Wen Tianxiang passed the imperial examinations as first place (Zhuangyuan). He once oversaw the Bureau of Military Supplies and held concurrent authority in the Hanlin Academy. Because he spoke out directly against the eunuch Dong Songchen and mocked the powerful minister Jia Sidao, he was demoted, suffering repeated rises and falls in office. At the age of thirty-seven, he requested to retire from public service.

In the 1st year of Deyou (1275), when the Yuan army invaded southward against the Song, Wen Tianxiang spent his entire family fortune to recruit troops in defense of the dynasty. He was appointed Commissioner of Zhejiang West and Jiangdong and concurrently Prefect of Pingjiang (Suzhou). During the attempt to relieve Changzhou, discord among the commanders forced him to retreat to Yuhang. Shortly afterward, he was promoted to Right Chancellor and Privy Councilor, and ordered to negotiate peace with the Yuan. When he rebuked the Yuan commander Bayan to his face, he was detained; on the way north in captivity, he managed to escape and return.

Soon after, in Fuzhou, he took part in enthroning Zhao Shi, Prince of Yi, as emperor, then went to Nanjianzhou to raise forces against the Yuan. In the 2nd year of Jingyan (1277), he campaigned again in Jiangxi, but, isolated and outnumbered, was forced to retreat to Guangdong. In the 1st year of Xiangxing (1278), after Zhao Bing, Prince of Wei, ascended the throne, Wen was appointed Junior Guardian of the Heir and ennobled as Duke of Xinguo. Later, at Wupoling, he was captured and taken to the Yuan capital (Dadu, present-day Beijing). He was imprisoned for three years; despite repeated threats and enticements, he steadfastly refused to surrender. In the 19th year of Zhiyuan (January 1283), Wen Tianxiang met death calmly at the age of forty-seven. During the Ming dynasty, he was posthumously granted the title Zhonglie (Loyal and Staunch).

Wen Tianxiang left many writings imbued with loyalty and passionate indignation. After the Deyou era, his poetry took on a more unrestrained and heroic style, worthy of being called a “poetic history.” In his poem Crossing Lingdingyang (Guo Lingdingyang), he wrote the immortal lines:

“Since ancient times, who has not died?

Let me leave a loyal heart to shine in the chronicles of history.”

These words, vast in spirit and lofty in tone, inspired countless later generations of men and women who struggled for their ideals.