非虛構作品起源等參考資料（1）

（我想，你的論文中穿插一些國外情況，可以起到襯托和“胡椒麵”的作用。）

The word 'nonfiction' made its first ever appearance in the annual trustees' report of Boston Public Library in 1867, and debuted in the Oxford English Dictionary in 1903.

1867年，“非虚构”一词首次出现在波士顿公共图书馆的年度受托人报告中，1903年首次出现在《牛津英语词典》中。

(刘浏在《中国非虚构文学的流变与转向》一文中說，“在对中国非虚构文学的起源和文类性质界定方面已形成普遍共识，“非虚构文学是一个相对于‘虚构文学’的文学族群，在狭义上，它专指美国上世纪六十年代至七十年代兴起的非虚构小说、新新闻报道和历史小说等新的写作类型”。實際上，美國非虛构文學起源于十九世紀後期。）

What Defines Nonfiction?

According to the latest annual report from the Association of American Publishers, between 2016 and 2017, the adult nonfiction market in the US showed a revenue increase of 5.4%. While women read more than men generally — women read an average of 19.8 minutes per day in comparison with 13.2 for men, according to a 2017 survey from the Bureau of Labor Statistics — men are more likely to read nonfiction than women, and they’re backing up that choice with their wallet.

Within nonfiction, too, some categories are far outstripping others. For example, in 2018, political book sales rose by around 60%, according to major bookstore chains like Barnes & Noble and Waterstones, a trend also reflected in the Blinkist app. In fact, it’s common that nonfiction sales rise following global shocks. There was a similar peak in nonfiction book sales following the 2008 financial crisis. Where fiction can help people to understand the feeling of a moment, nonfiction helps people understand the hard facts of it. And in a world that finds its news sources increasingly unreliable, a widespread hunger for truth is reflected in rising sales of nonfiction books.

Audiobooks, too, are rising in popularity across the board, and while fiction audiobooks remain popular as one means of telling a story, nonfiction is really innovating with the form. In fact, some nonfiction books are now being released as an audiobook only with no written equivalent. It makes sense that the industry that deals chiefly with life-changing ideas would be quicker to focus on broad accessibility, and that bends to how people like to consume content. In the battle of fiction vs. nonfiction, where fiction also experiments with ideas and form, nonfiction is defined more by experimentation with delivery methods.

根据美国出版商协会的最新年度报告，2016年至2017年间，美国成人非小说市场的收入增长了5.4%。虽然女性阅读量普遍高于男性，但女性平均每天阅读19.8分钟，而男性为13.2分钟，根据劳工统计局2017年的一项调查，男性比女性更有可能阅读非小说类书籍，他们用钱包支持这一选择。

在非小说类作品中，有些类别也远远超过了其他类别。例如，根据Barnes&Noble和Waterstone等主要连锁书店的数据，2018年，政治书籍的销量增长了约60%，这一趋势也反映在Blinkist应用程序中。事实上，非小说类作品的销量在全球冲击后上升是很常见的。2008年金融危机之后，非小说类图书的销量也出现了类似的峰值。小说可以帮助人们理解当下的感受，而非小说则可以帮助人们了解其中的真实情况。在一个新闻来源越来越不可靠的世界里，人们对真相的普遍渴望反映在非小说类书籍销量的上升上。

有声读物也越来越受欢迎，虽然小说类有声读物作为讲述故事的一种方式仍然很受欢迎，但非小说类书籍确实在形式上进行了创新。事实上，一些非小说类图书现在作为有声读物发行，但没有类似的书面形式。主要处理改变生活的想法的行业将更快地关注广泛的可访问性，这是有道理的，而这将转向人们喜欢如何消费内容。在小说与非小说的较量中，小说也在尝试思想和形式，而非小说更多地是通过尝试表达方式来定义的。

Why You Should Read Nonfiction

无论你想学什么，非小说都是一条可以挖掘的丰富脉络。无论你是想克服个人挑战，还是想开始理解全球挑战，非小说类作品都是你取得进展的最佳选择。

撇开非小说销售不谈，人们对学习、成长和改善生活的渴望反映在互联网本身。无数的网页上充斥着播客、如何操作、问答、评论，以及让你做出更好决策和更快学习的方法。还有猫咪视频。

网上信息的巨大性使得良好的策展至关重要。即使在今天，随着丰富的技术触手可及，口碑也是我们最值得信赖的来源，这就是为什么没有什么比好的推荐更好的了。毕竟，如果你想学习一些特定的东西，无休止的谷歌搜索只会让你走到这一步。

非虚构小说结合虚构故事的技巧描绘了真实的历史事件和真实的人。据说杜鲁门·卡波特在1959年的小说《冷血》中创造了非虚构类型，这是一部关于堪萨斯州一个农村家庭被谋杀的真实犯罪小说。杜鲁门·卡波特发明了一种全新的写作方式。他称之为非虚构小说。他处于职业巅峰。

创造性非虚构小说的起源是什么？起源“创造性非虚构”一词归功于Lee Gutkind，他将这一类型定义为“讲述得很好的真实故事”。然而，文学非虚构的概念植根于古诗、历史记录和宗教文本

In a nutshell, nonfiction covers everything else. The contents of nonfiction are rooted in true events, although many nonfiction books offer strongly opinionated commentary on those true events—think of authors like George Will, Paul Krugman, Frank Rich, and more.

简而言之，非虚构小说涵盖了其他一切。非小说类的内容植根于真实事件，尽管许多非小说类书籍对这些真实事件发表了强烈的评论——想想乔治·威尔、保罗·克鲁格曼、弗兰克·里奇等作家。

9 Essential Genres of Nonfiction Books

Here are some of the most prominent types of nonfiction genres.

1. History. Historical nonfiction consists of true accounts of historical eras and events. Some histories dwell purely in objective facts, and other histories are refracted through the lens of the author’s personal beliefs. In either case, history books must present true stories in order to qualify as nonfiction. Famous writers of history include David Halberstam and Doris Kearns Goodwin.
2. Biographies, autobiographies, and memoirs. This subset of nonfiction focuses on the life story of a particular subject. Biographies are written in the third person about someone other than the author. Autobiographies and memoirs are written by the subject themselves. While autobiographies and memoirs are, by necessity, written by someone who is currently alive at the time of the writing, biographies may profile subjects both living and dead.
3. Travel guides and travelogues. Travelogues are a close cousin of memoirs, and they recount an author’s specific experience traveling somewhere. Travel guides tend to be more instructive, offering suggestions and practical information for travelers bound for a particular destination.
4. Academic texts. Academic texts are designed to instruct readers on a particular topic. Most Americans first encounter academic books in the form of assigned school textbooks that form the basis for a yearlong class. Academic texts are also used by adults wishing to learn a particular trade, such as car repair or music arranging.
5. Philosophy and insight. These books are a close cousin of academic texts, and many are published by university-affiliated publishing houses. This genre runs the gamut from traditional philosophy (Plato, Aristotle, Descartes) to scientific theories (Newton, Watson & Crick) to analysis of scientific or cultural phenomena.
6. Journalism. Journalism is a broad subgenre of nonfiction and one that encompasses many media. Journalism is most regularly consumed in the form of newspapers and magazines, along with monthly journals, TV news reports, and more. Journalism reports on true events that typically, but not always, have relevance to a contemporary audience. Journalism can also take the form of books. This includes narrative nonfiction and true crime books. Some of these books, like Losing Earth by Nathaniel Rich and Memphis Rent Party by Robert Gordon straddle the line between journalism and history. The best journalism can receive acclaims like the Pulitzer Prize and the Peabody and Polk awards.
7. Self-help and instruction. Self-help books are some of the best-selling books in the world of nonfiction. Many of these books concern business success, buoying confidence, staying organized, relationship advice, dieting, and financial management.
8. Guides and how-to manuals. Related to the self-help subgenre, but more focused on specific skills is the subgenre of guides and how-to manuals. These include cookbooks, musical notations, athletic instructions, and tutorials for home hobbyists.
9. Humor and commentary. These subgenres are forms of creative nonfiction, where analysis and reflection on real-world events are distilled through the prism of an author’s point of view. Sometimes that point of view can be humorous, sometimes it’s political, and sometimes it’s purely meditative. What prevents this subcategory from being fiction is that it is rooted in objective events, both present and historical.

非小说类书籍的9种基本类型:

以下是一些最突出的非虚构类型。

1.历史。历史非虚构作品包括对历史时代和事件的真实描述。有些历史纯粹停留在客观事实中，而另一些历史则是通过作者个人信仰的视角折射出来的。无论哪种情况，历史书都必须呈现真实的故事，才有资格成为非虚构小说。著名的历史作家包括大卫·哈伯斯塔姆和多丽丝·卡恩斯·古德温。

2.传记、自传体和回忆录。这部分非虚构作品聚焦于某一特定主题的生活故事。传记是用第三人称写的，是关于作者以外的人的。自传和回忆录都是由受试者自己撰写的。虽然自传和回忆录必然是由撰写时还活着的人撰写的，但传记可能会描述活着和死去的主题。

3.旅行指南和游记。游记是回忆录的近亲，它们讲述了作者在某个地方旅行的具体经历。旅行指南往往更具指导性，为前往特定目的地的旅行者提供建议和实用信息。

4.学术文本。学术文本旨在指导读者了解特定的主题。大多数美国人第一次接触到的学术书籍是指定的学校教科书，这些教科书构成了一年课程的基础。希望学习特定行业的成年人也会使用学术文本，如汽车修理或音乐编曲。

5.哲学和洞察力。这些书是学术文本的近亲，许多由大学附属出版社出版。这一流派涵盖了从传统哲学（柏拉图、亚里士多德、笛卡尔）到科学理论（牛顿、沃森和克里克），再到对科学或文化现象的分析。

6.新闻。新闻学是非小说类的一个广泛分支，涵盖了许多媒体。新闻业最经常以报纸和杂志的形式消费，还有月刊、电视新闻报道等。新闻报道真实的事件，通常但并不总是与当代观众相关。新闻业也可以采取书籍的形式。这包括叙述性非小说类和真实犯罪类书籍。其中一些书，如纳撒尼尔·里奇的《失去地球》和罗伯特·戈登的《孟菲斯出租党》，跨越了新闻和历史的界限。最好的新闻业可以获得普利策奖、皮博迪奖和波尔克奖等荣誉。

7.自助和指导。自助书籍是非小说类世界上最畅销的书籍之一。这些书中有许多涉及商业成功、提振信心、保持组织、人际关系建议、节食和财务管理。

8.指南和操作手册。与自助子类别相关，但更侧重于特定技能的是指南和操作手册子类别。其中包括食谱、音乐符号、运动指导和家庭爱好者教程。

9.幽默和评论。这些子类是创造性非虚构作品的形式，通过作者的观点来提炼对现实世界事件的分析和反思。有时这种观点可以是幽默的，有时是政治的，有时纯粹是沉思的。阻止这一子类别成为虚构的是，它植根于客观事件，无论是现在的还是历史的。

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-《海外南开人网》敬启