孙文

（作于1907年1月）

【注】

①刘道一(1884-1906),湖南湘潭人。青年时代，追随其兄刘揆一从事革命活动。1904年（光绪三十年）初加入华兴会，与黄兴及兄揆一等联络会党，策划长沙起义。事败后东渡日本，与秋谨等在东京组织秘密革命团体“十人团”。后赴横滨，加入冯自由等组织的“洪门天地会”，任“草鞋”（即将军）。1905年7月参加同盟会，任书记、干事等职。翌年秋，受黄兴委派回国，“运动新军，重振会党”，筹组萍浏醴起义。是年12月，起义爆发，正在长沙运动新军的他在由衡阳返回长沙途中被捕。他在狱中屡遭酷刑，坚不吐实，威武不屈，大义凛然，写下“大地方兴三字狱，但期吾道不终孤。舍身此日吾何惜，救世中天志已虚。”面对严刑拷问，他怒斥道：“士可杀，不可辱，死即死耳！”同年12月31日刘道一被清政府杀害于长沙浏阳门外，英勇就义时年仅22岁。他是留日学生中因反清革命被杀害的第一人，也是同盟会会员中为革命流血牺牲的第一个烈士。著有《衡山正气集》。
孙中山闻讯刘道一牺牲，满含悲愤，作诗哀挽。据国内学界考证，这首“挽刘道一”是孙中山先生流传下来的唯一诗作。
 ②黄龙酒源自《晋书》中“李陵传”里的“会献黄龙之酒，饮而寿万岁”一语。后来“痛饮黄龙酒”成为文人笔下表达得胜凯旋、举杯庆功的形象用语。

【诗人简介】孙中山（1866年11月12日—1925年3月12日），本名孙 文，号逸仙，广东香山县翠亨乡人（今广东省中山市南朗镇翠亨村）。中国近代政治家、革命家、医师。伟大的民族英雄、伟大的爱国主义者、中国民主革命的伟大先驱，中华民国和中国国民党的缔造者，三民主义的倡导者，创立了《五权宪法》。他首举彻底反帝反封建的旗帜，“起共和而终两千年封建帝制”。
1894年，孙中山成立兴中会。1895年，兴中会发动乙未广州起义。1905年，中国同盟会在日本东京组成，孙中山被推为总理；确定“驱除鞑虏，恢复中华，建立民国，平均地权”的革命政纲，提出三民主义学说；创办《民报》，宣传革命，同当时的中国改良派激烈论战。此后孙中山在国内外发展革命组织，联络华侨、会党和新军，多次发动武装起义。
1911年10月10日武昌起义，各省纷纷响应。12月29日，孙中山被十七省代表推选为中华民国临时大总统，1912年1月1日在南京宣布就职，建立中华民国临时政府，月底组成临时参议院，至2月13日。因革命党人与袁世凯妥协，孙中山被迫提请辞职；3月经临时参议院通过，公布孙中山主持制订的《中华民国临时约法》；8月中国同盟会改组为国民党，孙中山被选为理事长。
1913年3月，因国民党重要领导人宋教仁在上海北站中弹身亡，孙中山即起兵讨袁，旋即失败。1914年，孙中山在日本建立中华革命党，先后两次发表讨袁宣言。1917年段祺瑞解散国会，孙中山在广州召开国会非常会议，组织护法军政府，当选大元帅，誓师北伐。 1918年因受旧桂系军阀和政学系挟制，孙中山被迫去职至上海。1919年，孙中山创办《建设》杂志，发表《实业计画》，并将中华革命党改组为中国国民党。1920年，孙中山回广东，次年就任非常大总统；1922年因陈炯明事变退居上海，1925年3月12日因胆囊癌恶化在北京病逝。
1940年，中国国民党通令尊称孙中山为“中华民国国父”; 中国共产党尊其为“中国民主革命的伟大先行者、杰出的爱国主义者和民族英雄”；民间亦有称其为“中国人向西方寻求救国救民真理的杰出代表”。

Notes:

1. Liu Daoyi (1884-1906) was born in Xiangtan, Hunan Province. In his youth, he followed his brother Liu Kuiyi to engage in revolutionary activities. In early 1904 (the 30th year of EmperorGuangxu's reign), he joined the Huaxing Association and planned the Changsha Uprising with Huang Xing, his brother Kuiyi and other members. When failed, he crossed to Japan and organized a secret revolutionary group called the "Ten Person Group" with Qiu Jin and others in Tokyo. Afterwards, he went to Yokohama and joined the "Hongmen Heaven and Earth Society" organized by Feng Ziyou and others, serving as the "Grass Shoe" (i.e. General). In July 1905, he joined the Chinese Revolutionary Alliance （同盟会）as secretary. In the autumn of the following year, appointed by Huang Xing, he returned to China and organized the PingLiuLi Uprising to "mobilize the new army and revitalize mass societies". In December of that year, the Uprising broke out, and he was arrested while on his way back to Changsha from Hengyang, where he was leading a new army movement.  He was subjected to repeated torture, yet he never confessed. He remained unyielding with indomitable spirit and a noble sense of righteousness. He wrote down the words " Throughout the land, the ‘three-character prosecutions’ (莫mo须 xu 有you) flourished., but I only hope my cause will not end in solitude. To give my life today, what have I to regret? My lofty aspiration to save the nation, alas, is now in vain." Facing brutal torture, he shouted angrily: "A gentleman may be killed but never humiliated. If death it is, so be it!" On December 31 of the same year, Liu Daoyi was killed by the Qing government outside Liuyang Gate in Changsha, he died heroically at the age of only 22. He was the first Chinese student in Japan who was killed for the anti-Qing revolution, and the first martyr among the members of the Chinese Revolutionary Alliance who bled for the revolution. He is the author of《Hengshan Zhengqi Collection》.
   Upon hearing Liu Daoyi's death, Sun Yat-sen was filled with grief and anger, and wrote the poem in mourning. According to academic research in China, this poem "Elegy for Liu Daoyi" is the only one passed down by Sun Yat-sen.
2. The term “Yellow Dragon Wine” originates from the“Biography of Li Ling”in the《Book of Jin》, which records: “At the feast, Yellow Dragon Wine was offered; drinking it ensured ten thousand years of life.” Later, the expression “to drink deeply of Yellow Dragon Wine” came to be used in literature as a metaphor for celebrating victory and triumph with a cup of wine.

Introduction to the Poet: Sun Yat-sen (November 12, 1866 – March 12, 1925), real name Sun Wen, courtesy name Yixian, from Cuiheng Township, Xiangshan County (now Cuiheng Village, Nanlang Town, Zhongshan City), Guangdong Province, was a modern Chinese politician, revolutionary, and physician. He was a great national hero, patriot, pioneer of the Chinese democratic revolution, founder of the Republic of China and the Kuomintang, advocate of the “Three Principles of the People” and founded the "Five Power Constitution". He was the first person in Chinese history who raised the banner of complete opposition to imperialism and feudalism, “starting the republic and ending the two-thousand-year feudal monarchy” as he advocated. In 1894, Sun Yat-sen established the Xingzhong Society. In 1895, Xingzhong Society launched the Yiwei Guangzhou Uprising. In 1905, the Chinese Revolutionary Alliance (Tongmenghui) was formed in Tokyo, Japan, and Sun Yat-sen was elected Prime Minister. He established the revolutionary program of “expelling the Manchu rulers, restoring China, founding a republic, and equalizing land rights,” put forward the doctrine of the “Three Principles of the People”, and founded 《The People’s Journal (Min Bao)》 to promote the revolution and engage in fierce debates with the reformist faction of the time. Sun Yat-sen expanded revolutionary organizations both at home and abroad, rallying overseas Chinese, secret societies, and the New Army, and launched multiple armed uprisings. On October 10, 1911, the Wuchang Uprising broke out, and provinces across the country responded one after another. On December 29, representatives from seventeen provinces elected Sun Yat-sen as the Provisional President of the Republic of China. On January 1, 1912, he was inaugurated in Nanjing, proclaiming the establishment of the Provisional Government of the Republic of China. By the end of that month, a Provisional Senate was formed, which lasted until February 13. Due to a compromise between the revolutionaries and Yuan Shikai, Sun Yat-sen was compelled to offer his resignation. In March, with the approval of the Provisional Senate, the Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China, drafted under Sun’s leadership, was promulgated. In August, the Tongmenghui (Chinese Revolutionary Alliance) was reorganized into the Kuomintang (Nationalist Party), and Sun Yat-sen was elected as its chairman. After the important leader of the Kuomintang, Sung Chiao-jen, was shot and killed at Shanghai North Station in March 1913, Sun Yat-sen rose up to attack Yuan, but failed immediately. In 1914, Sun Yat-sen established the Chinese Revolutionary Party in Japan and issued two anti-Yuan declarations. In 1917, Duan Qirui dissolved the National Assembly, and Sun Yat-sen held an extraordinary session of the National Assembly in Guangzhou, organizing a military government to protect the law. He was elected as the Grand Marshal and vowed to lead the Northern Expedition. In 1918, Sun Yat-sen was forced to resign to Shanghai due to being coerced by the warlords of the old Guangxi clique and the political science clique. In 1919, Sun Yat-sen founded the magazine 《Construction》, published "Industrial Plan", and reorganized the Chinese Revolutionary Party into the Kuomintang. In 1920, Sun Yat-sen returned to Guangdong and became the Extraordinary President the following year. In 1922, he retreated to Shanghai due to the Chen Jiongming Incident. On March 12, 1925, he passed away in Beijing due to worsening gallbladder cancer。In 1940, the Kuomintang issued a decree calling Sun-Yat-sen the "Father of the Republic of China". The CPC regards him as "a great pioneer of China's democratic revolution, an outstanding patriot and a national hero", and people also call him "an outstanding representative of the Chinese people seeking the truth of saving the country and the people from the West".